Millions across Europe exposed to hazardous air as fires in France and Spain send smoke far afield

Widespread smoke from wildfires burning in France and Spain over recent days has pushed hazardous fine particles into the air across large parts of western Europe, exposing millions to increased health risks.

Scientific teams warn about PM2.5 and long-range transport

Smoke plumes carry a complex mix of pollutants that can degrade air quality hundreds of kilometres from the flames. Scientists are particularly alarmed by emissions of fine particulate matter, known as PM2.5, which can penetrate deep into the lungs and are linked to cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and respiratory problems.

"We know this has a really significant impact on health, especially when it comes to multi-day exposure," said Teodor Kipping, a climatologist at Imperial College London.

Data from the European Union's climate monitoring programme Copernicus show that in the French city of Bordeaux the concentration of PM2.5 on 26 July exceeded 300 micrograms per cubic metre. Kipping noted that the average PM2.5 concentration in Bordeaux on 26 July was almost five times higher than the level recommended by the EU.

Smoke carried unusually high concentrations of PM2.5 along a corridor from Madrid to Bordeaux. In Limoges, about 200 kilometres northeast of Bordeaux, levels topped 400 micrograms per cubic metre over the weekend. "We are seeing increasingly serious and more frequent high-intensity fires, with people exposed to very, very high levels of PM2.5 particles," he added.

Experts also warn that particles emitted by fires can become more toxic when mixed with other pollutants present in the smoke, amplifying the health risk. Public health authorities typically advise people in affected areas to limit outdoor activity, keep windows closed and follow local air quality guidance while elevated concentrations persist.

Photo: press material from the event